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Formula 1 teams are well underway preparing for the forthcoming 2025 campaign, which will consist of 24 grands prix beginning in Melbourne on the 14-16 March.

The grid is set and all but two teams – McLaren and Aston Martin – have changed their driver line-up, meaning this year will have a new look.

But it is not just the full-time competitors that play a crucial role, as a team’s back-up driver does as well.

Reserve drivers act on standby during grand prix weekends and may contest one should a team’s regular driver be unable to. This happened at the 2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, for example, as Oliver Bearman replaced Carlos Sainz at Ferrari because the Spaniard had appendicitis. 

F1 teams also employ simulator drivers, who test changes made to the car so that everybody can gain a greater understanding of the machine.

So, who are the drivers supporting their team behind the scenes for 2025?

Red Bull

  • Reserve driver: TBC
  • Simulation driver: Rudy van Buren

Liam Lawson served as Red Bull’s reserve driver at the start of the 2024 season, but then he replaced Daniel Ricciardo at sister squad RB – now Racing Bulls – for October’s United States Grand Prix onwards.

The New Zealander soon received another promotion, as he will be Max Verstappen’s team-mate at Red Bull in 2025 after Sergio Perez was dropped by the Austrian outfit. This means Red Bull is currently without an official reserve driver, though Lawson’s former team-mate Yuki Tsunoda is expected to step into the role. 

Meanwhile, Rudy van Buren will continue as Red Bull’s simulator test and development driver after joining in 2023.

Rudy van Buren, Red Bull F1 Simulator Test and Development Driver

Rudy van Buren, Red Bull F1 Simulator Test and Development Driver

Photo: Red Bull Racing

Valtteri Bottas has returned to Mercedes for the 2025 season, but in a reserve driver capacity having been Lewis Hamilton’s team-mate from 2017 to 2021. The 10-time grand prix winner left for Alfa Romeo – now Sauber – having been replaced by George Russell, who was previously at Williams after graduating to F1 as a Mercedes junior.

But the Swiss outfit opted for an all-new line-up this year ahead of its Audi takeover in 2026, leaving Bottas without a drive. So, in December 2024 Mercedes announced that the Finn was back with the Silver Arrows replacing former reserve Mick Schumacher, who is part of Alpine’s Hypercar programme.

Sharing the role with Bottas is the 2023 F2 championship runner-up Frederik Vesti, who started the position last year having become a Mercedes junior in 2021.

Zhou Guanyu has joined Ferrari as its reserve driver for 2025, having been part of its academy between 2015 and 2018. He initially left to become Renault’s development driver in 2019 before making his F1 debut with Alfa Romeo in 2022 but, like Bottas, he was dropped by the Hinwil-based outfit for this year. 

He will work alongside Antonio Giovinazzi, who was Zhou’s predecessor at Alfa Romeo. The Italian became Ferrari’s reserve driver in 2022 and Giovinazzi also competes for the historic brand in the World Endurance Championship, where he won the 2023 Le Mans 24 Hours.

Regarding Ferrari’s development drivers, that includes Arthur Leclerc who joined in 2024. He is the younger brother of full-time Ferrari driver Charles Leclerc and is joined by Antonio Fuoco and Davide Rigon.

Zhou Guanyu, Ferrari reserve driver

Zhou Guanyu, Ferrari reserve driver

Photo by: Ferrari

McLaren is yet to announce who its reserve drivers for 2025 are, with previous incumbent Ryo Hirakawa leaving the post to fulfil the same duty at Alpine. But Arrow McLaren IndyCar driver Pato O’Ward has previously contested F1 practice sessions for the Woking-based team, so it is likely he will continue his commitments.

McLaren also employs Will Stevens, who spends a lot of time in the team’s simulator where he works closely with the engineers and regular drivers.

Aston Martin 

Aston Martin has retained Felipe Drugovich and Stoffel Vandoorne as its reserve drivers for 2025. Previously the team was able to call on the reserves of engine partner Mercedes in case of an emergency but in more recent years, Aston Martin has introduced its own reserve drivers. 

While Vandoorne joined from Mercedes in November 2022, Drugovich has graduated from the Aston Martin driver development programme and the 2022 F2 champion has worked with the squad since 2023.

Felipe Drugovich, Aston Martin F1 Team

Felipe Drugovich, Aston Martin F1 Team

Photo by: Zak Mauger / Motorsport Images

  • Reserve driver: Paul Aron, Ryo Hirakawa and Franco Colapinto

Jack Doohan will contest his first, full campaign in F1 this year after serving as Alpine’s reserve driver in 2024 before replacing Esteban Ocon at the Abu Dhabi season finale.

As a result, Alpine has announced Paul Aron, Ryo Hirakawa and Franco Colapinto as its reserve drivers for 2025.

Aron had a stellar F2 campaign last year, finishing third to champion Gabriel Bortoleto and Isack Hadjar, while Hirakawa has joined from McLaren where he held a similar role.

There is more hype around Colapinto though, who made his – relatively unexpected – F1 debut in Monza 2024 having replaced Logan Sargeant at Williams. He impressed immediately finishing 12th before taking points at his second grand prix in Azerbaijan with eighth.

But Williams had already announced Carlos Sainz as Alex Albon’s team-mate for 2025, so there was no full-time seat for Colapinto. As a result, he was snapped up by Alpine on a multi-year deal, where a spot may soon open up for the young Argentine given Doohan’s unsecure future.

Williams

  • Reserve driver: TBC
  • Development driver: Jamie Chadwick

Williams does not currently employ its own reserve driver, as previous incumbent Colapinto has left for the same role at Alpine after impressing for the British squad in his nine-round stint last year.

Jamie Chadwick, meanwhile, serves as its development driver after joining Williams in 2019 which is the year she clinched her first of three W Series titles.

Jamie Chadwick, Williams

Jamie Chadwick, Williams

Photo by: Williams

Hadjar served as Racing Bull’s reserve driver last year, when it was known as RB. But following Lawson’s promotion, Hadjar will partner Tsunoda for his rookie season leaving Racing Bulls currently without an official reserve driver.

Considering its close ties with Red Bull though, the Faenza-based squad can call on whomever is in the Red Bull pool.

Sauber

Zane Maloney and Theo Pourchaire have left the Sauber set-up since acting as reserve drivers last year. The Swiss outfit is yet to confirm who will support its all-new line-up of Nico Hulkenberg and Bortoleto before the squad morphs into the Audi works team in 2026.

Haas

Haas is also yet to announce its reserve driver for 2025 having promoted previous incumbent Bearman to a full-time seat at the American squad. One option could be Pietro Fittipaldi though, as the grandson of double world champion Emerson joined the team in 2019 and in that time has started two races due to Romain Grosjean’s crash at the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix.

In this article

Casper Bekking

Formula 1

Ferrari

Red Bull Racing

Mercedes

Sauber

McLaren

Racing Bulls

Williams

Aston Martin Racing

Haas F1 Team

Alpine

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Haas team principal Ayao Komatsu will clarify “rules of engagement” for new drivers Esteban Ocon and Oliver Bearman to follow in the 2025 Formula 1 season.

The American squad has a history of flashpoints between team-mates – with former drivers Kevin Magnussen and Romain Grosjean colliding several times in 2019, while Mick Schumacher and Nikita Mazepin regularly tried to occupy the same pieces of racetrack in 2021.

These incidents occurred on the watch of former team boss Guenther Steiner, with Komatsu chief race engineer until his elevation to team boss at the start of last season, when Haas ran Nico Hulkenberg alongside Magnussen for the second year in succession.

That duo only had one really contentious moment during the 2024 campaign – when Hulkenberg was unexpectedly undercut by Magnussen after suffering a slightly slow pitstop at the Austrian GP and they subsequently duked it out on track.

But, given Ocon has a considerable checkered history of incidents with his F1 team-mates – from his days racing Sergio Perez at Force India, through to his clashes with Fernando Alonso and then Pierre Gasly at Alpine – questions have already been raised about what might happen in his new relationship with rookie Bearman.

When asked if he would be doing anything different in terms of establishing clear racing rules at Haas this year or if he was choosing to see how things develop, Komatsu, who pushed hard to secure Ocon’s services in 2025, replied: “No – rules of engagement has to be totally clear.

Esteban Ocon, Haas F1 Team

Esteban Ocon, Haas F1 Team

Photo by: Andy Hone / Motorsport Images

“From day one. So, that will be clarified before the first race.

“I don’t expect any team-mate contacts, DNFs, because of that.

“But it’s good, you have to race hard. Look at last year – Kevin is a hard racer and then Kevin and Nico, the closest we came to an issue, which didn’t become an issue, was Austria, right?

“But that’s partly because we operated in a not perfect manner in terms of pitstop timing. We didn’t help ourselves.

“So, as a team, we shouldn’t be creating those messes. But, also, with the understanding of each other as team-mates, the rules of engagement would be perfectly clear.”

Komatsu also said he was not looking back to the “completely different era and dynamics and drivers” of the Mazepin-Schumacher Haas line-up in 2021 when it comes to setting out how he wants his squad’s new drivers to operate in 2025.

“No,” he said. “You look at how we operated last year and then how we can improve as a team, what we did good last year, what we could have improved last year, and then take that learning for this year.

Ayao Komatsu, Team Principal, Haas F1 Team, Oliver Bearman, Haas F1 Team, Mark Slade, Race Engineer, Haas F1 Team

Ayao Komatsu, Team Principal, Haas F1 Team, Oliver Bearman, Haas F1 Team, Mark Slade, Race Engineer, Haas F1 Team

Photo by: Zak Mauger / Motorsport Images

“So, I don’t look that far back to 2021. [And] with Esteban, with Ollie, these are two very, very good drivers.

“They both got a lot more to prove, yeah… But it’s funny about Ollie being a rookie, I don’t treat him as a rookie.

“He can drive a lot, with these young engineers as well, [they will] grow together.

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“We don’t treat him as a rookie in the sense that we pay lots of attention to what he has to say, because of course he’s got good experience in Ferrari’s education [and] simulator.

“And he’s been driving our car – VF-23 and VF-24. Every time he gets in the car, his feedback’s been excellent. The approach has been excellent, speed has been great.

“You saw in Baku and Interlagos [where Bearman raced in place of Magnussen last year], both qualifying sessions he outqualified Nico who was our reference, right? I think we got a very good combination [with Ocon]. Really looking forward to it.”

In this article

Alex Kalinauckas

Formula 1

Esteban Ocon

Oliver Bearman

Haas F1 Team

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Haas team principal Ayao Komatsu will clarify “rules of engagement” for new drivers Esteban Ocon and Oliver Bearman to follow in the 2025 Formula 1 season.

The American squad has a history of flashpoints between team-mates – with former drivers Kevin Magnussen and Romain Grosjean colliding several times in 2019, while Mick Schumacher and Nikita Mazepin regularly tried to occupy the same pieces of racetrack in 2021.

These incidents occurred on the watch of former team boss Guenther Steiner, with Komatsu chief race engineer until his elevation to team boss at the start of last season, when Haas ran Nico Hulkenberg alongside Magnussen for the second year in succession.

That duo only had one really contentious moment during the 2024 campaign – when Hulkenberg was unexpectedly undercut by Magnussen after suffering a slightly slow pitstop at the Austrian GP and they subsequently duked it out on track.

But, given Ocon has a considerable checkered history of incidents with his F1 team-mates – from his days racing Sergio Perez at Force India through to his clashes with Fernando Alonso and then Pierre Gasly at Alpine – questions have already been raised about what might happen in his new relationship with rookie Bearman.

When asked if he would be doing anything different in terms of establishing clear racing rules at Haas this year or if he was choosing to see how things develop, Komatsu, who pushed hard to secure Ocon’s services in 2025, replied: “No – rules of engagement have to be totally clear. From day one. So, that will be clarified before the first race.

Esteban Ocon, Haas F1 Team

Esteban Ocon, Haas F1 Team

Photo by: Andy Hone / Motorsport Images

“I don’t expect any team-mate contacts, DNFs, because of that. But it’s good, you have to race hard.

“Look at last year – Kevin is a hard racer and then Kevin and Nico, the closest we came to an issue, which didn’t become an issue, was Austria, right? But that’s partly because we operated in a not perfect manner in terms of pitstop timing. We didn’t help ourselves.

“So, as a team, we shouldn’t be creating those messes. But, also, with the understanding of each other as team-mates, the rules of engagement would be perfectly clear.”

Komatsu also said he was not looking back to the “completely different era and dynamics and drivers” of the Mazepin-Schumacher Haas line-up in 2021 when it comes to setting out how he wants his squad’s new drivers to operate in 2025.

“No,” he said. “You look at how we operated last year and then how we can improve as a team, what we did good last year, what we could have improved last year, and then take that learning for this year.

“So, I don’t look that far back to 2021. [And] with Esteban, with Ollie, these are two very, very good drivers. They both got a lot more to prove, yeah…

“But it’s funny about Ollie being a rookie, I don’t treat him as a rookie. He can drive a lot, with these young engineers as well, [they will] grow together.

“We don’t treat him as a rookie in the sense that we pay lots of attention to what he has to say, because of course he’s got good experience in Ferrari’s education [and] simulator.

“And he’s been driving our car – VF-23 and VF-24. Every time he gets in the car, his feedback’s been excellent. The approach has been excellent, speed has been great.

“You saw in Baku and Interlagos [where Bearman raced in place of Magnussen last year], both qualifying sessions he outqualified Nico who was our reference, right? I think we got a very good combination [with Ocon]. Really looking forward to it.”

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In this article

Alex Kalinauckas

Formula 1

Esteban Ocon

Oliver Bearman

Haas F1 Team

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Haas will continue to work in Ferrari’s Formula 1 wind tunnel despite signing a high-profile technical partnership with Toyota last year.

Although Toyota’s F1 team came and went expensively during the 2000s without securing a single victory, its wind tunnel in Cologne was once considered so cutting edge that other F1 outfits used it in preference to their own. 

However, Haas has decided to stick to the same Ferrari tunnel that it has used since its entry into F1 in 2016.

The decision is a strategic one which involves Haas’s search for a new HQ in which it will be able to rationalise performance work currently split between the US, the UK and Italy. This will also include the integration of a new driver-in-loop simulator Haas will build as part of Toyota’s investment.

To establish an aerodynamics group located in Cologne, or have one commuting there, would add costs and make logistics more rather than less complicated. The Toyota tunnel also has a specific shortcoming which directly affects research into ground effect.

“Never is a strong word,” team boss Ayao Komatsu told Motorsport.com and a select group of media during a pre-season briefing, “but for the foreseeable future, we have no plans to move out of the Maranello wind tunnel.”

Wind tunnel

Wind tunnel

Photo by: McLaren

Following Toyota’s withdrawal from F1 at the end of 2009, several teams – including McLaren, Williams, Force India (now Aston Martin) and even Ferrari – shifted research into Toyota’s tunnel, although in Ferrari’s case it was a temporary measure while it refitted its own tunnel, which is housed inside a spectacular Renzo Piano-designed structure near the rear entrance to the Maranello factory. Currently only the Cadillac team is working in Cologne.

At the time, Toyota’s tunnel enjoyed a significant advantage over others because it offered Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), a technique in which tiny particles illuminated by a laser sheet are used instead of smoke to give a visual representation of the flow field around a car. PIV is considered more accurate because the tracer particles exert less of an influence over airflow than smoke particles.

Now, though, most teams have upgraded their facilities to include PIV and attention has shifted to the form of the rolling road. In the new ground-effect era, where the cars run closer to the ground, the interaction between the car floor and track surface has become a key performance differentiator.

Last summer Ferrari shut down its F1 wind tunnel to install a new ‘rubberised’ rolling road which, while less durable than the conventional steel belt, more accurately reflects the texture of a track surface. Haas is now enjoying the benefits of Ferrari’s work, whereas Toyota would have to undertake the same research and investment programme to offer the same competitive standard.

It has not escaped the attention of anyone in F1 that the teams leading the way in the 2024 constructors’ championship and seemingly encountering the fewest significant aerodynamic problems through the season – McLaren and Ferrari – both have recently upgraded wind tunnel facilities.

“For me, it’s a win-win situation, because us and Ferrari are of course fighting in the same championship, so whatever specific issue you have on your wind tunnel hardware, which is related to the specifics of the [ground effect] regulations in this generation, Ferrari is doing the research, they are addressing it, so we take the benefit without us doing the research,” said Komatsu.

“I don’t see any point in us moving out of the Maranello simulator to go to the Toyota wind tunnel which currently doesn’t have [a ‘rubberised’ floor]. OK, Andretti is using it, but they’re not competing in F1 yet.

“So for the foreseeable future, I don’t see any point in moving out of the Maranello wind tunnel.”

Besides potential performance advantages – even though Haas’s 2025 car will feature fewer elements bought in from Ferrari’s 2025 package, notably the front suspension – maintaining a presence in Maranello offers an element of logistical continuity as Haas looks to do more performance research ‘under one roof’. It’s understood that a number of options for a new UK HQ were presented to team owner Gene Haas at the end of January.

This facility will house the new driver-in-loop simulator coming as part of Toyota’s investment. Currently if Haas wishes to use Ferrari’s simulator, personnel must travel from the UK.

“If you look at the simulator, last year we did definitely not more than 15 days,” said Komatsu. “What other teams only do 15 days of simulator running?

“During the race weekend, we don’t do any simulator running at all. Again, I think everybody else does.

“So all of those capabilities, we haven’t got. And if we have got the simulator in Maranello, that is the only simulator that we have access to. We simply cannot do it.

“We have to send people from here because the Maranello office is largely designed for not directly operational performance people. So that is why having the simulator here in terms of efficiency would be night and day.”

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In this article

Stuart Codling

Formula 1

Haas F1 Team

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